Comptia A+ 220 1101

A network that covers a relatively small area such as a building or group of buildings (1.1 & 2.7)

- Provides communication for devices owned by a single user that work over a short distance - Bluetooth, IR, NFC, etc. (1.1 & 2.7)

Lightweight & Inexpensive - Poor black levels due to Separate Backlight (1.2)

Fast response Times - Low cost - Low Power Use - Limited Viewing Angles (1.2)

Better Colors - Better Viewing Angles - More Expensive (1.2)

Thinner & Brighter - No Need for Backlight (1.2)

- Manage company & user devices - Centralized management system - Ensures device security (1.4)

- Set policies & restrictions on apps - Control Company software (Update, Remove, Etc.) (1.4)

- Allows phone to connect to the right tower (1.4)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - 20(TCP) for Data Transfers - 21(TCP) to Control Data Transfers (2.1)

SSH (Secure Shell) - TCP - Encrypted Communication - Looks/Acts the same as Telnet (2.1)

Telnet (Telecommunications Network) - TCP - Non-encrypted Communication - Log into devices remotely (2.1)

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - TCP - Used to send mail from device to mail server (2.1)

DNS (Domain Name System) - UDP - Converts names to IP addresses - CRITICAL Resource (2.1)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - UDP - Automated configuration of IP addresses - IPs can be reserved for certain devices - IP Range: 10.1.10.10 through 10.1.10.199 (2.1)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - TCP - Non-encrypted communication in the browser (2.1)

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - TCP - Receive emails from an email server - Basic mail transfer functionality (2.1)

IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) - TCP - Includes management of email inboxes from multiple clients. (Sync email across multiple devices) (2.1)

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - UDP - Port 161 queries devices for performance statistics. - Port 162 monitors when metrics exceed a certain threshold. (2.1)

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - TCP - Store & retrieve info in a network directory. - Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory. (2.1)

HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) - TCP - Encrypted Communication in the Browser (2.1)

Server Message Block (SMB) & Common Internet File System (CIFS) - TCP - Provides direct connection & communication over TCP without the NetBIOS Transport (2.1)

RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) - TCP - Share a desktop from a remote location (2.1)

Extends wired network & converts it into a wireless network. (2.2)

Routes traffic between IP subnets (2.2)

- Goes between work desks & switches - Work desk connections to patch panel are permanent. (2.2)

-Filters traffic by TCP/UDP port number (OSI Layer 4 filtering) -Some can filter based on the application -Can encrypt traffic in/out of the network (protect traffic between sites) -Can proxy traffic (common security technique) -Can be used as a Layer 3 device (routers) (2.2)

Devices that send Ethernet data and power over twisted-pair cable to compliant devices (for example, cameras, phones, etc). (2.2)

- Cable Version: Uses DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) which is broadband. - DSL Version: Uses ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) where download speed is higher than upload speed. (2.2)

- Fiber - ISP fiber line stretches to demarc point at which your in-home copper wire takes over. (2.2)

- A device that serves as an interface between the computer and the network. Also called a network adapter or network card. - Ethernet Connection - May need drivers installed before hardware is installed (Check Manual) (2.2)

a (10/1999) - 5Ghz & 54 mbit/s b (10/1999) - 2.4 Ghz & 11 mbit/s g (06/2003) - 2.4 Ghz & 54 mbit/s n (10/2009) - 2.4/5 Ghz & 600 mbit/s ac (01/2014) - 5 Ghz & Almost 7 Gb/s ax (02/2021) - 2.4/5 Ghz & About 9.6 Gb/s (2.3)

- Converts a website name to an IP Addresses - Usually managed by ISP or enterprise IT Dept. (2.4)

- The server leases IP addresses to network clients - IP Range: 10.1.10.10 through 10.1.10.199 (2.4)

- Centralized Storage of documents, files, etc. - Standard system of file management - SMB (Server Message Block) - AFP (Apple Filing Protocol) (2.4)

- Connect a printer to the network - Provide printing services for all network devices - May be built-in to the printer - Uses standard printing protocols - SMB (Server Message Block), - IPP (Internet Printing Protocol), - LPD (Line Printer Daemon) (2.4)

- A server that manages the storage and transfer of e-mail messages on a network. (2.4)

- A type of server used for collecting system messages from networked devices - Usually a central logging receiver (2.4)

- A server that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device - Uses HTTPS/HTTPS & HTML/HTML5 - Web pages are stored on the server (2.4)

- A server that keeps track of who's logging on to the network and which services on the network are available to each user. - Redundant Server (Always Available) (2.4)

- Checks for Unsolicited Emails - Scans incoming mail to accept or reject it. (2.4)

Services: - URL Filter / Content Inspection - Firewall - Malware Inspection - Spam Filter - VPN Endpoint - IDP / IPS (2.4)

- A dedicated network device that can direct requests to different servers based on a variety of factors. - Distributes load to multiple servers - Server outages have no effect - TCP & SSL Offload (2.4)

- A server that acts as an intermediary between a user and the Internet. - Access control, URL Filtering, Content Scanning (2.4)

- Large-scale - PC Manages Equipment - Requires extensive segmentation - Usually expensive software, requires elevated permission to access. (2.4)

- Appliances such as fridges & microwaves - Air control (Smart Thermostats) - Access Devices (Smart doorbells and locks) (2.4)

- The dominant protocol for routing traffic on the Internet - 4 Numbers (X.X.X.X) - 32 bits or 4 bytes -> 8 bits per number - Max value for each number is 255 (2.5)

- 8 hexadecimals (X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X) - 128 bits or 16 bytes -> 16 bits per number

- Link Local addresses (no router forwarding) - IETF has reserved 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 - Only communicates on your network (2.5)

- An IP address that is manually assigned to a device and remains constant until it is manually changed. (2.5)

- IP address assigned by DHCP server. - This method insures there are no overlapping IP addresses within a network. - Changes when lease expires (2.5)

- A node that handles communication between its LAN and other networks. (2.5)

- 13 root server clusters (Over 1,000 actual servers) - 100's of Generic Top Level Domains (gTLD) - Over 275 Country-Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD) (2.6)

- A records are for IPv4 addresses - AAAA records are for IPv6 addresses (2.6)

- Determines host name for mail server (2.6)

- Can be used for verification purposes - Commonly used for email security - External email servers validate info from your DNS. (2.6)

- Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM) - Digitally sign a domains outgoing mail - Public key is available in DKIM TXT record - Sender Policy Framework (SPF) - List of all servers authorized to send emails on behalf of this domain; prevents email spoofing - Mail server validates mail is coming from authorized host - Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, & Conformance (DMARC) - Extension of DKIM / SPF - Decides what servers do with mail that isn't accepted by SPF/DKIM (2.6)

- Created by the DHCP server to allow a system requesting an IP to use that IP for a certain amount of time. (2.6)

- An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address. (2.6)

- The predefined range of addresses that can be leased to any network device on a particular network. (2.6)

- Separated logically instead of physically - Multiple domains under one physical switch (2.6)

- Concentrator - Encryption/Decryption access device - Actively encrypts & decrypts your data packets (2.6)

- Non-terrestrial communication - 50 Mbit/s down, 3 Mbit/s up - High latency (250 ms up/down) - High frequencies (2 GHz) (2.7)

- High Speed Communication - Higher install costs vs copper wire - Large installation in the WAN core - Supports high data rates - SONET, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (2.7)

- Broadband (Transmission across many multiple frequencies) - Data on "cable" network - DOCSIS - High Speed (50-1000 Mbit/s) (2.7)

- ADSL (Assymetrical Digital Subscriber Line) - 200 Mb down and 20 Mb up is common (2.7)

- Separates land into "cells" and each cell covers a different frequency - Tethering (Turn your phone into a router) - Mobile Hotspot (2.7)

- Wireless Internet Service Provider - Connects rural/remote locations - Need an outdoor antenna to connect typically (2.7)

- Generally connects LANs across a distance - Many different technologies - Point-to-point Serial, MPLS, etc. (2.7)

- A network covering a city - Bigger than LAN, usually smaller than WAN - Common to see government ownership (2.7)

- Looks & feels like a local storage device - Requires high bandwidth - Some people may use an isolated network solely for the SAN (2.7)

- A self-contained network of two or more computers connected using a wireless connection. - Usually within a building (2.7)

- "Pinch" the connector onto a wire - Coaxial, twisted pair, fiber - Connect the modular connector to the Ethernet cable - Metal prongs are pushed through the insulation (2.8)

- Everyone "hears" everything - Specializes in 802.11 analysis - Identify errors and interference - Validate antenna location and installation (2.8)

- Tone generator - Sends an analog sound through the cable it is attached to - Probe - Makes noise and/or lights up when touching the cable with the generator attached - Easy wire tracing (2.8)

- A pointed tool used to insert twisted-pair wire into receptors in a punch-down block - Organization is key - Maintain twists in cables (2.8)

- Continuity test - Can identify missing pins or crossed wires - Not usually used for frequency testing (2.8)

- Useful for testing physical ports - Serial, Ethernet, T1, fiber - Data leaves the interface, loops back, and reenters (2.8)

- Used to intercept network traffic - Physical Taps - Disconnect link & put tap in the middle - Active or Passive Tap - Port Mirror - Software based tap - SPAN (Switched Port ANalyzer) - Limited Functionality (2.8)

- Cable used to connect a network infrastructure - 1000Base-T Ethernet Standard - Work up to 100 meters (3.1)

- Use 10GBase-T Ethernet Standard - Unshielded Cat 6 works up to 55 meters - Shielded Cat 6 and Cat 6a work up to 100 meters (3.1)

- Single copper wire cable surrounded in layers - Uses RG-6 connector - Commonly used in TV's and High-Speed internet over cable (3.1)

- A type of cable containing twisted-wire pairs that are not only individually insulated, but also surrounded by a shielding. - Requires the cable to be grounded via an additional wire in the cable (3.1)

- Composed of pairs of wires twisted around each other at specific intervals. - No additional shielding around pairs of wires (3.1)

- Protected from elements - Cable is buried in the ground - Often filled with gel to repel water - Shielding in the STP protects against interference (3.1)

- The area above the ceiling tile for the HVAC system and usually network wires to run - Traditional cable is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and not safe against fires - Fire Rated Cable Jackets to use in a Plenum: - Fluorinated Ethylene Polymer (FEP) - Low-Smoke PVC (3.1)

- Transmission by light - No RF signals - Difficult to monitor & tap - Multimode: Short Range Communication (2km) - Uses Cheaper LED's - Single Mode: Long Range Comm. (100km) - Uses Expensive Lasers (3.1)

- The two color codes used for wiring eight-position RJ45 modular plugs. - Neither is better than the other - Many organizations typically use T568B (3.1)

- HighSpeed: 480 megabits per second - 5 meters max length (3.1)

- SuperSpeed: 5 gigabits per second - 3 meters (No specified Length) (3.1)

- Used to configure telephone and networking equipment - Commonly used for RS-232 (3.1)

- High-speed serial connector - Thunderbolt v2 -20 Gbit/s aggregated channels -Mini DisplayPort connector - Thunderbolt v3 -40 Gbit/s aggregated throughput -USB-C connector - 3 meters w/ copper, 60 meters w/ optical (3.1)

- Digital audio and video interface - 19-pin type a connector - Around a 20 meter range (3.1)

- Digital video connector in packetized form - Carries audio and video - Compatible with HDMI & DVI (With an adapter) (3.1)

- Single & Dual link video - Single = 3.7 GB/s &. Dual = 7.4 GB/s - DVI-A (Analog) - DVI-D (Digital) - DVI-I (Integrated) - Analog and Digital (3.1)

-DB-15 connector (Also known as DE-15) -Blue color -Analog signal (No digital option) -Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters (3.1)

- Uses serial signals to transfer data - SATA 3.0 (6 GB/s) - SATA 3.2 (16 GB/s)

- Designed to string up to 16 devices on one cable - LUN (Logical Unit) are defined within each SCSI ID - SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) devices have no jumpers, terminators, or settings - SCSI pronounced "scuzzy" (3.1)

- A modern type of connector for attaching external hard disks (3.1)

- A hard drive whose disk controller is integrated into the drive, eliminating the need for a controller cable and thus increasing speed - Originally called PATA (Parallel AT Attachment) (3.1)

- A phone line connection or port found on modems, telephones, and house phone outlets. - 6 Position, 2 Conductor (6P2C) (3.1)

- A connector on an Ethernet cable, containing four twisted pairs of wires. - Like a telephone cable connector (RJ-11), but slightly wider. - 8 Position, 8 Conductor (8P8C) (3.1)

- Most common coaxial cable connector which features a screw on attaching mechanism. - Uses DOCSIS (3.1)

- A type of connector used by fiber-optic cables and can be used with either single-mode or multimode fiber-optic cables. - Connector does not support full-dupex transmissions and is not used on the fastest fiber-optic systems (3.1)

- A fiber-optic cable connector that snaps and locks into place. (3.1)

- A small form-factor fiber optic connect - Uses a 1.25 mm furrule, half the size of the ST. (3.1)

- A panel of data receptors into which twisted pair wire is inserted, or punched down, to complete a circuit. (3.1)

- Smaller than a standard USB and used usually for mobile devices to charge and pass information. (3.1)

- This connector is used by portable electronic devices, such as digital cameras and some portable storage devices. (3.1)

- 24 pin double sided USB connector - Smaller than regular USB connector - Used for USB, Thunderbolt, etc. (3.1)

- 4 pin power connector used by optical drives, hard drives, and case fans - Keyed to prevent it from being inserted into a port improperly. - Provides +12V and +5V (3.1)

- The proprietary Apple connector used on Apple iPhones, iPods, and iPads for power and communication (3.1)

- A type of connector with nine pins that's used in serial communication and conforms to the RS-232 standard. - Built for modem communication - Now used as a configuration port (3.1)

- Swap File - Swap unused app data to storage to free up RAM (3.2)

- Used in laptops - Smaller form factor (3.2)

- Max 16GB per DIMM - Twice the data rate as previous gen (3.2)

- Max 64GB per DIMM - Speed increases over previous generation (3.2)

- Faster Data Travel between memory and motherboard - Still max 64GB per DIMM (3.2)

- Data detects and corrects errors on the fly - Looks identical to non-ECC memory (3.2)

-Dual-channel, triple-channel, quad-channel -Should always match (exact matches are best) -Memory modules slots are often colored differently -Maximizes throughput (3.2)

- The most common type of hard drive in computers. It includes spinning platters and read/write heads. - Speed to Latency (RPM/MS) - 15,000 (2ms) - 10,000 (3ms) - 7,200rpm (4.16ms) - 5,400rpm (5.55ms) - Typically 3.5" (3.3)

- Non volatile memory (No moving parts) - Faster than HDD - Communicate over SATA, NVMe, and PCIe - Typically 2.5" drive (3.3)

- Lower Latency & Higher Throughputs - Runs off M.2 interface (3.3)

- Can use a PCIe bus connector - Different connectors on drive (B, M, or B&M) - Won't always support NVMe (May be using AHCI) - Replaced mSATA quickly (3.3)

- Use Flash Memory = EEPROM - Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory - Limited number of writes allowed - You can always read the information - Memory Cards: SD, microSD, miniSD, CompactFlash, xD, etc. (3.3)

- Small bumps are read with a laser beam - CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-Ray - Can be an internal or external drive (3.3)

- Has different levels - Some levels are redundant, some levels are not - Can be inexpensive disks (3.3)

- Striping = Splits data evenly between two disks - High-Performance - No Redundancy (3.3)

- Mirroring = Files are duplicated between 2 or more drives - High disk utilization - files are doubled - High redundancy - Drive failure does not affect data accessibility (3.3)

- Striping with Parity = Data is evenly split between drives along with a parity block in each drive - Requires at least 3 drives - Efficient disk use and high redundancy (3.3)

- Also known as 1+0 - A Stripe of Mirrors - Speed of Striping, Redundancy of Mirroring - Requires at least 4 Drives (3.3)

- The most common form factor for PC systems presently in use, originally introduced by Intel in 1995. (3.4)

- Low power motherboards - Developed by VIA Technologies in 2001 - Fits in ATX cases

- A bus common to personal computers that uses a 32-bit wide or a 64-bit data path. Several variations of PCI exist. - Common on older generation computers (3.4)

- An expansion bus architecture that uses serial communications rather than parallel communications. - x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32 (Number of lanes for communication vary) (3.4)

- 24 or 20+4 Pin Motherboard Connectors - 4, 4+4, or 8 Pin CPU Connector (3.4)

- A group of small wires running from the front of the computer case to the motherboard. - Control buttons & LED's on the case (3.4)

- Two producers of CPU's for computers - AMD typically less expensive - Differences have become more subtle over the years (4.4)

- Has space for multiple CPUs to split the load - Typically has 4+ memory slots (4.4)

- Small & Light - CPU is usually limited in speed, has thermal throttling to control temps - Limited ability to interchange parts (RAM, Storage, etc.) (3.4)

- Enable & Disable Hardware - Modify Boot Order for Connected Drives - Control what happens when your computer turns on (3.4)

- The program a CPU uses to start a computer when it is turned on. (3.4)

- Based on Intel's EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) - Designed to replace Legacy BIOS - Extremely Outdated (3.4)

- Enable / Disable USB Ports through the BIOS - DoD disabled all USB ports for 15 months after malware attack (3.4)

- A chip on a motherboard that holds an encryption key required at startup to access encrypted data on the hard drive. - Windows BitLocker Encryption can use the TPM chip. - Password protected (3.4)

- UEFI feature that prevents a system from booting up with drivers or an OS that are not digitally signed and trusted by the motherboard / manufacturer - Boot-loader must contain signature from Secureboot (3.4)

- System will not boot up without password - Use supervisor password to restrict BIOS settings changes (3.4)

- Cryptographic module that can generate cryptographic keys. - Secured storage for servers - Lightweight HSM's: Smart Card, USB, etc.) - Cryptographic Accelerators - Offload CPU cryptographic functions onto HSM from server (3.4)

- 32 Bit (x86) - 64 Bit (x64) - 32 Bit OS can't run 64 Bit apps, but 64 Bit can run 32 Bit apps (3.4)

- Energy-efficient processor design frequently used in mobile devices. - Also used in IoT (3.4)

- Refers to number of cores a processor has - Each core may have its own cache or one shared cache (3.4)

- Allows multiple threads from a program to run simultaneously - One CPU acts like two - 15-30% performance increase (3.4)

- Run other OS's within a single hardware platform - Multiple OS's share physical hardware components - Virtualization added to the processor - Hardware is faster and easier to manage - Intel Virtualization Technology (VT) - AMD Virtualization (AMD-V) (3.4)

- Device that can be slotted into a PCI slot to allow the use of audio components - Multiple input types (3.4)

- Processes video and graphics data - Higher performance vs integrated graphics (3.4)

- Sends video signal to a computer so that the signal can be recorded and saved to the storage drive - Video as an input - High performance (PCIe) (3.4)

- Layout, Location, and Size all matter - 80, 120, 140, & 200mm are common sizes - Variable speed and sound (3.4)

- Passive cooling systems with metal fins to dissipate heat through thermal conduction (Copper or Aluminum Alloy) - Thermal paste creates contact between chip and heatsink (3.4)

- Not reusable - Not as effective as thermal paste - Mess free (3.4)

- Coolant is circulated through a computer - Used in cars and mainframe computers - High-End systems - Gaming/Graphics processing - Contains radiator and fan (3.4)