Cissp Domain 1 Practice Questions

CIA (Diagram) DAD - NEGATIVE - (disclosure alteration and destruction) Confidentiality - prevent unauthorized disclosure, need to know, and least privilege. assurance that information is not disclosed to unauthorized programs, users, processes, encryption, logical and physical access control, Integrity - no unauthorized modifications, consistent data, protecting data or a resource from being altered in an unauthorized fashion Availability - reliable and timely, accessible, fault tolerance and recovery procedures, WHEN NEEDED IAAA - requirements for accountability Identification - user claims identity, used for user access control Authentication - testing of evidence of users identity Accountability - determine actions to an individual person Authorization - rights and permissions granted Privacy - level of confidentiality and privacy protections

Not possible to get rid of all risk. Get risk to acceptable/tolerable level Baselines - minimum standards ISO 27005 - risk management framework Budget - if not constrained go for the $$$

Written Products - ensure they are done CIRT - implement and operate Security Awareness - provide leadership Communicate - risk to higher management Report to as high a level as possible Security is everyone's responsibility

Consistent - approach & application Measurable - way to determine progress Standardized - all the same Comprehension - examine everything Modular - to help in review and adaptive. Layered, abstraction Due Care Which means when a company did all that it could have reasonably done to try and prevent security breach / compromise / disaster, and took the necessary steps required as countermeasures / controls (safeguards). The benefit of "due care" can be seen as the difference between the damage with or without "due care" safeguards in place. AKA doing something about the threats, Failing to perform periodic security audits can result in the perception that due care is not being maintained Due Diligence means that the company properly investigated all of its possibly weaknesses and vulnerabilities AKA understanding the threats

Patent - grants ownership of an invention and provides enforcement for owner to exclude others from practicing the invention. After 20 years the idea is open source of application Copyright protects the expression of ideas but not necessarily the idea itself ex. Poem, song @70 years after author dies Trade Secret - something that is propriety to a company and important for its survival and profitability (like formula of Coke or Pepsi) DON'T REGISTER - no application Trademarks - words, names, product shape, symbol, color or a combination used to identify products and distinguish them from competitor products (McDonald's M) @10 years Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) - Dual use goods & trade, International cryptographic agreement, prevent destabilizing Computer Crimes - loss, image, penalties

SOX, Sarbanes Oxley, 2002 after ENRON and World Online debacle Independent review by external accountants. Section 302: CEO's CFO's can be sent to jail when information they sign is incorrect. CEO SIGN Section 404 is the about internal controls assessment: describing logical controls over accounting files; good auditing and information security.

Executives are now held liable if the organization they represent is not compliant with the law. Negligence occurs if there is a failure to implement recommended precautions, if there is no contingency/disaster recovery plan, failure to conduct appropriate background checks, failure to institute appropriate information security measures, failure to follow policy or local laws and regulations. COSO - framework to work with Sarbanes-Oxley 404 compliance European laws: TREADWAY COMMISSION Need for information security to protect the individual. Privacy is the keyword here! Only use information of individuals for what it was gathered for (remember ITSEC, the European version of TCSEC that came from the USA/Orange Book, come together in Common Criteria, but there still is some overlap) • strong in anti-spam and legitimate marketing • Directs public directories to be subjected to tight controls • Takes an OPT-IN approach to unsolicited commercial electronic communications • User may refuse cookies to be stored and user must be provided with information • Member states in the EU can make own laws e.g. retention of data COBIT - examines the effectiveness, efficiency, confidentiality, integrity, availability, compliance, and reliability of high level control objectives. Having controls, GRC heavy auditing, metrics, regulated industry

Incident - an event that has potential to do harm Breach - incident that results in disclosure or potential disclosure of data Data Disclosure - unauthorized acquisition of personal information Event - Threat events are accidental and intentional exploitations of vulnerabilities.

ITAR, 1976. Defense goods, arms export control act FERPA - Education GLBA, Graham, Leach, Bliley; credit related PII ECS, Electronic Communication Service (Europe); notice of breaches Fourth Amendment - basis for privacy rights is the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. 1974 US Privacy Act - Protection of PII on federal databases 1980 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Provides for data collection, specifications, safeguards 1986 (amended in 1996) US Computer Fraud and Abuse Act - Trafficking in computer passwords or information that causes a loss of $1,000 or more or could impair medical treatment. 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act - Prohibits eavesdropping or interception w/o distinguishing private/public Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) of 1994 - amended the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. CALEA requires all communications carriers to make wiretaps possible for law enforcement with an appropriate court order, regardless of the technology in use. 1987 US Computer Security Act - Security training, develop a security plan, and identify sensitive systems on govt. agencies. 1991 US Federal Sentencing Guidelines - Responsibility on senior management with fines up to $290 million. Invoke prudent man rule. Address both individuals and organizations *1996 US Economic and Protection of Propriety Information Act* - industrial and corporate espionage 1996 Health Insurance and Portability Accountability Act (HIPPA) - amended 1996 US National Information Infrastructure Protection Act - Encourage other countries to adopt similar framework. Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (HITECH) - Congress amended HIPAA by passing this Act. This law updated many of HIPAA's privacy and security requirements. One of the changes is a change in the way the law treats business associates (BAs), organizations who handle PHI on behalf of a HIPAA covered entity. Any relationship between a covered entity and a BA must be governed by a written contract known as a business associate agreement (BAA). Under the new regulation, BAs are directly subject to HIPAA and HIPAA enforcement actions in the same manner as a covered entity. HITECH also introduced new data breach notification requirements

Just because something is legal doesn't make it right. Within the ISC context: Protecting information through CIA ISC2 Code of Ethics Canons - Protect society, the commonwealth, and the infrastructure. - Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally. - Provide diligent and competent service to principals. - Advance and protect the profession. Internet Advisory Board (IAB) Ethics and Internet (RFC 1087) Don't compromise the privacy of users. Access to and use of Internet is a privilege and should be treated as such It is defined as unacceptable and unethical if you, for example, gain unauthorized access to resources on the internet, destroy integrity, waste resources or compromise privacy.

- Defining the continuity strategy - Computing strategy to preserve the elements of HW/SW/ communication lines/data/application - Facilities: use of main buildings or any remote facilities People: operators, management, technical support persons Supplies and equipment: paper, forms HVAC Documenting the continuity strategy

Goal: to create a document to be used to help understand what impact a disruptive event would have on the business Gathering assessment material - Org charts to determine functional relationships - Examine business success factors Vulnerability assessment - Identify Critical IT resources out of critical processes, Identify disruption impacts and Maximum, Tolerable Downtime (MTD) - Loss Quantitative (revenue, expenses for repair) or Qualitative (competitive edge, public embarrassment). Presented as low, high, medium. - Develop recovery procedures Analyze the compiled information - Document the process Identify inter-dependability - Determine acceptable interruption periods Documentation and Recommendation RTO<MTD

Separation of duties - assigns parts of tasks to different individuals thus no single person has total control of the system's security mechanisms; prevent collusion M of N Control - requires that a minimum number of agents (M) out of the total number of agents (N) work together to perform high-security tasks. So, implementing three of eight controls would require three people out of the eight with the assigned work task of key escrow recovery agent to work together to pull a single key out of the key escrow database Least privilege - a system's user should have the lowest level of rights and privileges necessary to perform their work and should only have them for the shortest time. Three types: Read only, Read/write and Access/change Two-man control - two persons review and approve the work of each other, for very sensitive operations Dual control -two persons are needed to complete a task Rotation of duties - limiting the amount of time a person is assigned to perform a security related task before being moved to different task to prevent fraud; reduce collusion Mandatory vacations - prevent fraud and allowing investigations, one week minimum; kill processes Need to know - the subject is given only the amount of information required to perform an assigned task, business justification Agreements - NDA, no compete, acceptable use

staff members pose more threat than external actors, loss of money stolen equipment, loss of time work hours, loss of reputation declining trusts and loss of resources, bandwidth theft, due diligence - Voluntary & involuntary ------------------Exit interview!!!

- Vendors - Consultants - Contractors Properly supervised, rights based on policy

Threat - damage Vulnerability - weakness to threat vector (never does anything) Likelihood - chance it will happen Impact - overall effects Residual Risk - amount left over Organizations own the risk Risk is determined as a byproduct of likelihood and impact

ITIL - best practices for IT core operational processes, not for audit - Service - Change - Release - Configuration Strong end to end customer focus/expertise About services and service strategy

GOAL - Determine impact of the threat and risk of threat occurring The primary goal of risk management is to reduce risk to an acceptable level. Step 1 - Prepare for Assessment (purpose, scope, etc.) Step 2 - Conduct Assessment - ID threat sources and events - ID vulnerabilities and predisposing conditions - Determine likelihood of occurrence - Determine magnitude of impact - Determine risk Step 3 - Communicate Risk/results Step 4 - Maintain Assessment/regularly Types of Risk Inherent chance of making an error with no controls in place Control chance that controls in place will prevent, detect or control errors Detection chance that auditors won't find an error Residual risk remaining after control in place Business concerns about effects of unforeseen circumstances Overall combination of all risks aka Audit risk Preliminary Security Examination (PSE): Helps to gather the elements that you will need when the actual Risk Analysis takes place. ANALYSIS Steps: Identify assets, identify threats, and calculate risk. ISO 27005 - deals with risk

Four major steps in Risk assessment? Prepare, Perform, Communicate, Maintain

Approval - Form Team - Analyze Data - Calculate Risk - Countermeasure Recommendations - REMEMBER HYBRID!

- Quantitative VALUES!! - SLE (single Loss Expectancy) = Asset Value * Exposure factor (% loss of asset) - ALE (Annual loss expectancy) = SLE * ARO (Annualized Rate of occurrence) Accept, mitigate(reduce by implementing controls calculate costs-), Assign (insure the risk to transfer it), Avoid (stop business activity) Loss= probability * cost Residual risk - where cost of applying extra countermeasures is more than the estimated loss resulting from a threat or vulnerability (C > L). Legally the remaining residual risk is not counted when deciding whether a company is liable. Controls gap - is the amount of risk that is reduced by implementing safeguards. A formula for residual risk is as follows: total risk - controls gap = residual risk RTO - how quickly you need to have that application's information available after downtime has occurred RPO -Recovery Point Objective: Point in time that application data must be recovered to resume business functions; AMOUNT OF DATA YOUR WILLING TO LOSE MTD -Maximum Tolerable Downtime: Maximum delay a business can be down and still remain viable - MTD minutes to hours: critical - MTD 24 hours: urgent - MTD 72 hours: important MTD 7 days: normal - MTD 30 days non-essential PLAN Accept Build Risk Team Review Once in 100 years = ARO of 0.01 SLE is the dollar value lost when an asset is successfully attacked Exposure Factor ranges from 0 to 1 NO - ALE is the annual % of the asset lost when attacked - NOT

Risk Avoidance - discontinue activity because you don't want to accept risk Risk Transfer - passing on the risk to another entity Risk Mitigation - elimination or decrease in level of risk Risk Acceptance - live with it and pay the cost Background checks - mitigation, acceptance, avoidance

- Accountability - Auditability - Source trusted and known - Cost-effectiveness - Security - Protection for CIA of assets - Other issues created? If it leaves residual data from its function

Primary Controls (Types) - (control cost should be less than the value of the asset being protected) Administrative/Managerial Policy - Preventive: hiring policies, screening security awareness (also called soft-measures!) - Detective: screening behavior, job rotation, review of audit records Technical (aka Logical) - Preventive: protocols, encryption, biometrics smartcards, routers, firewalls - Detective: IDS and automatic generated violation reports, audit logs, CCTV(never preventative) - Preventive: fences, guards, locks - Detective: motion detectors, thermal detectors video cameras Physical (Domain 5) - see and touch - Fences, door, lock, windows etc. Prime objective - is to reduce the effects of security threats and vulnerabilities to a tolerable level Risk analysis - process that analyses threat scenarios and produces a representation of the estimated Potential loss Main Categories of Access Control - Directive: specify rules of behavior - Deterrent: discourage people, change my mind - Preventative: prevent incident or breach - Compensating: sub for loss of primary controls - Detective: signal warning, investigate - Corrective: mitigate damage, restore control - Recovery: restore to normal after incident Functional order in which controls should be used. Deterrence, Denial, Detection, Delay

Testing a networks defenses by using the same techniques as external intruders Scanning and Probing - port scanners • Demon Dialing - war dialing for modems • Sniffing - capture data packets • Dumpster Diving - searching paper disposal areas • Social Engineering - most common, get information by asking Penetration testing Blue team - had knowledge of the organization, can be done frequent and least expensive Red team - is external and stealthy White box - ethical hacker knows what to look for, see code as a developer Grey Box - partial knowledge of the system, see code, act as a user Black box - ethical hacker not knowing what to find 4 stages: planning, discovery, attack, reporting vulnerabilities exploited: kernel flaws, buffer overflows, symbolic links, file descriptor attacks other model: footprint network (information gathering) port scans, vulnerability mapping, exploitation, report scanning tools are used in penetration tests flaw hypotheses methodology = operation system penetration testing Egregious hole - tell them now! Strategies - External, internal, blind, double-blind Categories - zero, partial, full knowledge tests

Recon/discover - Enumeration - Vulnerability analysis - Execution/exploitation - Document findings/reporting - SPELL OUT AND DEFINE!!!! Control Assessment Look at your posture

Plan - ID opportunity & plan for change Do - implement change on small scale Check - use data to analyze results of change Act - if change successful, implement wider scale, if fails begin cycle again

Individuals must be qualified with the appropriate level of training. - Develop job descriptions - Contact references - Screen/investigate background - Develop confidentiality agreements - Determine policy on vendor, contractor, consultant, and temporary staff access DUE DILIGENCE

Public domain - available for anyone to use Open source - source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone Freeware - proprietary software that is available for use at no monetary cost. May be used without payment but may usually not be modified, re-distributed or reverse-engineered without the author's permission

Degree of confidence in satisfaction of security requirements Assurance = other word for security THINK OUTSIDE AUDIT

Don't assume what client wants Involve users early Define and agree on scope MORE

Technical training to react to situations, best practices for Security and network personnel; Employees, need to understand policies then use presentations and posters etc. to get them aware Formal security awareness training - exact prep on how to do things

Wire Tapping eavesdropping on communication -only legal with prior consent or warrant Data Diddling act of modifying information, programs, or documents to commit fraud, tampers with INPUT data Privacy Laws data collected must be collected fairly and lawfully and used only for the purpose it was collected. Water holing - create a bunch of websites with similar names Work Function (factor): the difficulty of obtaining the clear text from the cipher text as measured by cost/time Fair Cryptosystems - In this escrow approach, the secret keys used in a communication are divided into two or more pieces, each of which is given to an independent third party. When the government obtains legal authority to access a particular key, it provides evidence of the court order to each of the third parties and then reassembles the secret key. SLA - agreement between IT service provider and customer, document service levels, divorce; how to dissolve relationship SLR (requirements) - requirements for a service from client viewpoint Service level report - insight into a service providers ability to deliver the agreed upon service quality

FISMA (federal agencies) Phase 1 categorizing, selecting minimum controls, assessment Phase 2: create national network of secures services to assess

Confidentiality, integrity and availability, also known as the CIA triad, is a model designed to guide policies for information security within an organization. The model is also sometimes referred to as the AIC triad (availability, integrity and confidentiality) to avoid confusion with the Central Intelligence Agency.

A principle which is a core requirement of information security for the safe utilization, flow, and storage of information is the CIA triad. CIA stands for confidentiality, integrity, and availability and these are the three main objectives of information security.